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HIV can be transmitted from an infected mother to her child during pregnancy or labor and postnatally through breast milk. Nearly 25 years after the first documented case of HIV infection, the decrease in perinatal HIV infections in the United States represents a major success in public health.

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BARCELONA -- Monitoring circulating tumor cells in women with breast cancer may be help guide treatment and refine prognoses, according to preliminary data from German investigators.

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Study results presented at the 2015 AHA meeting reinforce, once again, the critical role of persistent patient education on treatment adherence.

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Opioid analgesics provide effective treatment for noncancer pain, but many physicians have concerns about adverse effects, tolerance, and addiction. Misuse of these drugs is prominent in patients with chronic pain. Recognition and early prevention of misuse helps physicians identify the causes and proceed with patient care. Most persons with chronic pain have a significant medical comorbidity (eg, asthma) that affects treatment decisions.

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For the past 2 hours, a 19-year-old man had lower abdominal pain accompanied by nausea and vomiting. He had no fever and no diarrhea. Direct tenderness was mainly in the right lower quadrant, radiating slightly to the left lower quadrant. There was no significant rebound tenderness. The patient refused rectal examination.

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A 45-year-old man sought medical advice after suffering for 6 months with recurrent pain and a purulent discharge at the sacrococcygeal region. Two weeks before this consultation, an abscess on the patient's right buttock had been drained by another physician. The patient had type 1 diabetes mellitus for 5 years; his medical history was otherwise unremarkable.

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This gastrovascular disorder is rare yet life-threatening when it occurs. It is caused primarily by any process that leads to increased acuity of the aortomesenteric angle.

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During a routine examination, macular dermatitis with irregular borders was noted on the genitalia of an otherwise healthy 41-year-old woman. The right labia minora featured a 7-cm dark pigmented macular area; a similar area measuring 10 cm was observed on the left upper labia minora.

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Abstract: Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis is defined as tuberculosis caused by strains that have documented in vitro resistance to isoniazid and rifampin. Treatment involves a regimen consisting of at least 4 or 5 drugs to which the infecting strain has documented susceptibility. These agents may include ethambutol, pyrazinamide, streptomycin, a fluoroquinolone, ethionamide, prothionamide, cycloserine, and para-aminosalicylic acid. In addition, an injectable agent, such as kanamycin, amikacin, or capreomycin, should be used until negative sputum cultures have been documented for at least 6 months. If the patient has severe parenchymal damage, high-grade resistance, or clinically advanced disease, also consider clofazimine, amoxicillin/clavulanate, or clarithromycin, although there is little evidence supporting their efficacy in this setting. Routine monitoring includes monthly sputum smear and culture testing, monthly assessment of renal function and electrolyte levels, and liver function tests every 3 to 6 months. (J Respir Dis. 2006;27(4):172-182)

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The patient described here was treated for pneumonia, but a chest wall mass and CT changes suggested that more was going on.

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Phrenic nerve paralysis can present with chest wall pain, cough, and exertional dyspnea mimicking cardiac dyspnea. Fluoroscopy is the most reliable way to document diaphragmatic paralysis, and the sniff test confirms that abnormal hemidiaphragm excursion is due to paralysis rather than unilateral weakness.

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A 52-year-old woman with T2DM is on metformin, works with a dietitian, and exercises regularly, but her hemoglobin A1c has increased. What would you advise? 

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Up to 50% of patients with diabetes may have signficant neuropathy, yet be asymptomatic. Here's how to avoid or attenuate the condition.

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Abstract: Elderly persons with active tuberculosis may present with the classic features, such as cough, hemoptysis, and fever, but some patients present with less typical signs, such as hepatosplenomegaly, liver function abnormalities, and anemia. A high index of suspicion is required when a patient presents with cough or pneumonia unresponsive to conventional therapy. Acid-fast smear and mycobacterial culture of a sputum specimen are recommended for diagnosis. For an elderly patient who tests positive with purified protein derivative, 9 months of isoniazid prophylaxis is recommended. For patients who are intolerant of isoniazid or have been exposed to or infected by an isoniazid-resistant strain, rifampin single-agent preventive therapy may be an effective alternative. (J Respir Dis. 2006;27(7):307-315)

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An 86-year-old woman presented with a 1-week history of worsening dyspnea, wheezing, and orthopnea. She denied chest pain, cough, or fever. She did not smoke cigarettes. Her oxygen saturation was 86% on 2 L/min via nasal cannula.

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Our goal here is to help you master the shoulder examination. We review the basics of the examination, and we evaluate emerging concepts in the diagnosis of the more common shoulder conditions.

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The patient, an active 49-year-old man, had an HbA1c of 8.6 after diabetes was first diagnosed. It’s now 7.6 with metformin and lifestyle measures. Is the current A1c goal adequate, or should you treat more aggressively?

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The introduction of effective antiretroviral therapy has resulted in dramatic clinical benefits for those persons who have access to it. Adherence to such therapy has emerged as both the major determinant and the Achilles' heel of this success. Many patients have levels of adherence too low for durable virologic control.

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Loxoscelism is often misdiagnosed, in part because the clinical presentation of loxoscelism is similar to that of other conditions, such as cutaneous anthrax and Lyme erythema migrans (EM). Differentiating these disorders is important because some of these conditions require early treatment to achieve the best clinical outcomes. Unfortunately, using geography to make or exclude a diagnosis is becoming less reliable.

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This question deserves a broad answer, considering how much has changed since the old high-resolution CT (HRCT) scans with 1-mm slices and 1-cm intervals.1-3 The advent of multidetector row CT has had a significant effect on the versatility and diagnostic capabilities of CT in general. Coupled with novel processes of image postprocessing-including quantification of lung disease using advanced software-the availability of multiplanar projections and the opportunity to perform virtual bronchoscopy have led to an improvement in what is available for the evaluation of COPD.

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A 35-year-old HIV-positive man had a thick, black, otherwise asymptomatic patch on the top of his tongue. He did not have diabetes.

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More than 22,000 persons in the United States are affected bycatscratch disease (CSD) annually. Despite the discovery of thecausative organism more than a decade ago, much is still unknownabout this illness. Recent data suggest that ticks, as wellas cats, may transmit the disease to humans. Immunofluorescenceassay is proving to be the most efficient and noninvasivetechnique for diagnosing CSD. Among available antimicrobials,azithromycin has proved to be especially useful, although randomized,double-blind, placebo-controlled trials are warrantedto define the best treatment method for patients with CSD.[Infect Med. 2008;25:242-246, 250]

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The purple-stained urine bags and tubing of 2 elderly patients are shown here. Neither patient received urine-discoloring medications.

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A 50-year-old woman presents to the emergency department with severe dizziness, weakness, and dyspnea of 1 week’s duration. Ten days earlier, an upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) was diagnosed; over-the-counter cough syrup and acetaminophen were prescribed. However, the patient’s condition has steadily deteriorated since then. In addition, her urine has darkened over the past few days.

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An 11-year-old boy presented to the hospital with a 3-day history of maculopapular rash over the face, trunk, and extremities. He had completed a 5-day course of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for otitis media 1 week before presentation. His medical history was otherwise unremarkable. Over the past 3 days, the rash had become pruritic and the lesions progressively larger. Some lesions were vesicular and bullous. There was diffuse involvement of the oral mucosa, conjunctivae, and genitalia.

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This child fell from his bicycle 3 days ago and suffered mild head trauma.He lacerated his forehead and sustained some abrasions and bruises in thesurrounding scalp. His mother now seeks medical care because the child’seyelids have become so swollen that he can hardly open his eyes.

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Postsurgical endophthalmitis caused by Rhizobium radiobacterdeveloped in a 62-year-old man. The patient was treatedwith empiric intraocular therapy. On identifying the causativeorganism, systemic ciprofloxacin was added to the treatmentregimen. Therapy resulted in complete resolution of visualchanges caused by the infection. [Infect Med. 2008;25:274-276]

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Abstract: Because of the impact of allergen exposure on asthma control, all patients with asthma should be evaluated for allergic sensitization. Such patients can be referred to an allergist for evaluation, or radioallergosorbent tests can be ordered by the primary care provider. The major groups of aeroallergens that can trigger asthma attacks include furred-pet, dust mite, cockroach, rodent, mold, and pollen allergens. When assessing a patient's exposure history, remember that furred-pet allergens are found not just in the home, but in other settings, such as schools, and these allergens are passively transferred from one environment to another. Allergen avoidance measures are essential to the management of asthma in sensitized patients and can significantly improve asthma control. First-line dust mite control measures include installing allergen-proof mattress and pillow encasements, washing all bedding every 1 to 2 weeks in hot water, removing stuffed toys, vacuuming and dusting regularly, and reducing indoor relative humidity. (J Respir Dis. 2006;27(12):511-526)

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Microscopic polyangiitis is a potentially fatal disease if it is notrecognized and treated early. In the case described here, what initiallypresented as a postinfectious residual cough was actuallyactive pulmonary hemorrhage, severe anemia, and a crescenticglomerulonephritis. Significant improvement was achieved withhemodialysis and aggressive treatment with corticosteroids andcyclophosphamide. This case exemplifies a classic presentationof microscopic polyangiitis and demonstrates the importance ofan expeditious diagnostic evaluation and early treatment to preventrapid deterioration. Early recognition and highly aggressiveimmunosuppressive treatment achieved significant suppressionof the disease.