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PreventionHIV can be transmitted from an infected mother to her child during pregnancy or labor and postnatally through breast milk. Nearly 25 years after the first documented case of HIV infection, the decrease in perinatal HIV infections in the United States represents a major success in public health.
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Occular Irritation in a Child: An Eye-opening TrickWhen young children have an irritant in their eyes, to reduce the stinging and make opening the eyes easier, try putting a drop of an ocular anesthetic in each medial canthus while the child is supine; be sure to wait for it to seep in.
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Cullen Sign in PancreatitisA 72-year-old woman with acute abdominal pain and vomiting was brought to the hospital. The patient had no significant medical history and was taking no medications.
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Consultant Health Guide: Keys to Successful Weight LossExcess weight increases the risk of having a heart attack, stroke, high blood pressure, arthritis, diabetes, depression, fatigue, and certain types of cancer. Losing weight and keeping it off are very difficult for most persons who are overweight. Here are some suggestions to help you lose pounds and keep your weight down.
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Traumatic HemothoraxTraumatic hemothorax usually results from penetrating or contused thoracic injuries that lead to rib fracture and damage of intercostal or pulmonary vessels. Hemorrhagic shock can occur with massive blood loss into the pleural space. The shock state may be exacerbated by decreased venous return.
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PylephlebitisAcute abdominal pain, fever, and chills prompted a 51-year-old man to visit his local hospital twice in one week. On both visits, a clinical and laboratory workup was negative. He then presented to a tertiary care center with worsening symptoms. His history included hypertension and tobacco and alcohol use.
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Cerebellar Hemorrhage in Woman With History of HypertensionA 65-year-old woman with a long history of hypertension treated with metoprolol and felodipine complained of dizziness, headache, nausea, and vomiting of acute onset. Her blood pressure was 220/110 mm Hg. She was drowsy and unable to stand or walk.
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Astrocytoma in PregnancyHeadache and vomiting suddenly developed in a 41-year-old woman who was 16 weeks pregnant. The next day, she suffered an episode of tonic-clonic seizures associated with a 15-minute loss of consciousness.
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120: The New Normal?Podcast: Hypertension expert Daichi Shimbo, MD, offers tips on putting SPRINT results into clinical practice.
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Rectus Sheath Rupture With Hematoma FormationThe authors present a case of rupture of the rectus abdominis muscle with subsequent rectus sheath hematoma-an uncommon and often misdiagnosed cause of acute abdominal pain.
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patient education guide Questions and Answers About Chronic SinusitisThese sinuses are lined by a membrane. When this membrane becomes inflamed--usually as a result of an infection or obstruction--you can get sinusitis. Sinusitis can be acute, recurrent, or chronic. Acute sinusitis responds well to treatment within a few weeks. Recurrent sinusitis is characterized by episodes that repeat at least 4 times a year. Sinusitis is considered to be chronic when symptoms persist for at least 12 weeks after treatment of acute sinusitis has ended.
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End-of-Life Discussions: The Art of Delivering Bad NewsAn 84-year-old woman with progressive stenosis of the cervical spinal canal, type 2 diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, gastroesophageal reflux disease, hypertension, and stable angina presents to her primary care physician after an appointment with the orthopedist who is monitoring her chronic degenerative joint disease.
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Man With Headache, Diplopia, Nausea, and VomitingA 68-year-old man presents to the emergency department with diplopia and headache of acute onset accompanied by nausea and vomiting.
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Case In Point: Acute eosinophilic pneumonia in a 19-year-old manThe authors describe a case of acute eosinophilic pneumonia (AEP) that occurred in a previously healthy young man. The presentation was similar to that of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and the diagnosis was established by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). The authors note that it is important to recognize the subset of patients with AEP who present with an ARDS-like picture, especially since corticosteroids are very effective in this setting.
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Cerebral air embolism resulting from an airplane flightThe authors describe a case of air embolism that developed during a plane flight in a woman who had a congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation. They review the pathophysiological mechanisms, risk factors, clinical features, and treatment of air embolism.
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Unusually Severe Pharyngitis in a 19-Year-Old WomanA previously healthy 19-year-old woman presents with a sore throat that has become progressively more painful over the course of 1 week. She also has left-sided neck swelling, light-headedness, and intermittent headaches. She denies recent sexual activity.
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Complications of Body ArtPrimary care providers are seeingan increasing number ofpatients who have snakes orbarbwire coiling around theirarms or gold rings danglingfrom their eyebrows and navels. Tattooingand body piercing are particularlypopular among adolescents andyoung adults-many of whom may notbe aware of the possible medical complicationsof these ancient practices.
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What caused an elevated diaphragm in this woman with cough and dyspnea?A 52-year-old woman presented to her primary care physician complaining of a nonproductive cough and dyspnea on exertion. These symptoms had a subacute onset over 4 weeks before her initial visit. She denied fever, sputum production, hemoptysis, chest pain, palpitations, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. She did not have any known sick contacts.
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In Other Legislative and Regulatory News . . .The FDA would have broad public support for a behind-the-counter (BTC) classification for drugs. According to the results of a telephone survey conducted by Leo J. Shapiro & Associates, 67% of respondents said they would welcome the convenience of obtaining a drug without a prescription and after counseling by a pharmacist, even while they recognize that their insurance plan would not cover the cost of the BTC medication.
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Orbital Pseudotumor Disguised as Orbital Cellulitis and SinusitisA 58-year-old man with a past medical history of chronic sinus disease and hypothyroidism presented with left periorbital pain and erythema that worsened despite outpatient treatment with topical antibiotics. An outpatient CT scan showed pansinusitis and orbital stranding. The diagnosis was orbital cellulitis and sinusitis.
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Paraesophageal Hiatal HerniaA 97-year-old woman with a history of hypertension and a paraesophageal hiatal hernia presented with abdominal distention and shortness of breath. Three days earlier, she had fallen and sustained a hairline pelvic fracture; she was evaluated in the emergency department and given narcotics for the pain. Subsequently, the patient's abdomen became increasingly distended, and she had no bowel movement for 3 days.
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A man with cough and dyspneaThe case presented here illustratesthe diagnostic challengesand potential severity of a fungalinfection.
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Balanitis Cirumscripta PlasmacellularisFor 2 months, a 22-year-old uncircumcised man noticed an asymptomatic, erythematous, static lesion on the glans penis. He had applied an over-the-counter “jock-itch” ointment for 2 weeks but to no avail. The young man was otherwise healthy and denied having dysuria or a history of sexually transmitted disease.
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Pyoderma Gangrenosum on Both Legs of a 62-Year-Old WomanWorsening painful ulcers on both legs prompted a 62-year-old woman to seek medical attention. She had a history of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), demonstrated by the markedly deformed interphalangeal joints in her thumbs (A), and scleroderma-polymyositis overlap syndrome.
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Pulmonary function testing: Applying techniques in infantsAbstract: As in adults and older children, pulmonary function testing in infants may help detect certain obstructive or restrictive diseases. However, different techniques and equipment must be used. The most commonly performed noninvasive tidal breathing test involves use of a face mask with a pneumotachograph; an alternative method is respiratory inductive plethysmography. Ratios derived from volume-time and flow-time tracings can help identify patients with obstructive lung disease, who have a shorter time to peak expiratory flow:expiratory time ratio than do healthy persons. Instead of spirometry, the rapid thoracic compression technique can be used to measure expiratory flow and construct a flow-volume curve. This method, which is performed with the patient under sedation, increases flow rates over tidal flow values and enhances the ability to detect abnormal airway function. (J Respir Dis. 2006;27(4):158-166)
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Two Scales Yield Accurate Weight For Obese PatientsThe weight of some of my patients exceeds the upper limit of our office scales. Rather than invest in a more expensive scale for this small group of patients, we placed 2 scales side by side.
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Bloody Diarrhea Caused by Infection With Klebsiella oxytoca in a Burn PatientClostridium difficile infections account for most cases of antibiotic-associated colitis.1 However, there is increasing evidence that Klebsiella oxytoca infection contributes to the development of C difficile–negative antibiotic-associated hemorrhagic colitis. Most cases have been reported in France,2-12
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Restenosis After Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary AngioplastyCoronary angiography was performed in a 54-year-old man with low-level stable angina. He had undergone percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) 3 months earlier. The angiogram showed tight stenosis of the proximal left anterior descending artery. The lesion was successfully dilated during a second PTCA, and a stent was placed using a flexible catheter.
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Cutaneous T-Cell TumorA 39-year-old man with HIV infection was being treated with antiretroviral therapy. He now sought help for multiple 2- to 3-cm violaceous papules on his right hip and the right lower abdominal area. A biopsy specimen showed intense, atypical lymphocytoid and monocytoid cells with prominent nucleoli, hyperchromatism, and bruised nuclei.
