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Profound Weakness in a Young WomanA 33-year-old woman presents with arm and leg weakness of about 2 months’ duration.
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What’s The “Take Home”? Severe, Persistent Abdominal Pain in a Young WomanA 24-year-old woman presents with severe, persistent, left-sided abdominal pain that began about 12 hours earlier. Over-the-counter medications have provided no relief. The pain is not associated with dietary intake, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, or dysuria. The patient denies fevers, chills, and recent trauma to her abdomen.
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Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, part 2: TreatmentABSTRACT: In general, the management of invasive pulmonaryaspergillosis is based on antifungal therapy and reversal of immunosuppression.Voriconazole is the preferred treatment inmost cases. Liposomal preparations of amphotericin B, caspofungin,and posaconazole are alternatives in patients whocannot tolerate voriconazole or have refractory aspergillosis.Prophylaxis in high-risk patients has gained popularity withthe availability of oral extended-spectrum azoles; posaconazoleis approved for prophylaxis in patients with acute leukemia,myelodysplastic syndrome, and graft versus host disease.(J Respir Dis. 2008;29(11):429-434)
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Congenital ClubfootThis 3-month-old boy has an untreated right clubfoot deformity. The foot is stiff and uncorrectable. The vertical midfoot crease indicates significant deformity. An anteroposterior (AP) simulated weight-bearing radiograph shows parallelism of the long axis of the talus and calcaneus; this indicates varus alignment of the hindfoot. There is also forefoot adduction.
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Eczema Herpeticum in a 4-Year-Old GirlThis diagnosis is a relative dermatologic emergency; presumptive treatment with antivirals should at least be considered if any suspicion exists.
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Transient Global Amnesia: A Confusing Companion of MigraineClinician: The patient’s symptom profile is confusing, especiallybecause his test results are normal. Are his amnesicepisodes related to his migraine?
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Bronze DiabetesDiabetes mellitus recently had been diagnosed in a 58-year-old woman. The patient claims that her skin had darkened significantly over the past 5 years.
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The USPSTF Breast Cancer Screening Guidelines: Current and Future ImplicationsSeveral months have passed since the publication of the latest US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) breast cancer screening guidelines. The initial, sharp outcry, mainly over the task force’s recommendation against routine screening mammography for women aged 40 to 49 years, has somewhat subsided, but the overall significance of the group’s decision remains undetermined.
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Using Passive Measures to Improve Patient Medication AdherenceAdherence is a complex behavioral process strongly influenced by environmental factors. Six posters designed to improve medication adherence were displayed in a medical clinic, with each poster displayed for 1 month. These posters were seen by clinic patients but, as passive measures, required no additional time on the part of clinicians. Medication adherence to antidepressant therapy was assessed for two 18-month periods. Days of therapy and median gap (the number of days a patient goes without medication before filling the next prescription) were similar between the periods. Medication possession ratio (MPR) was increased in the intervention period (0.974 vs 0.994 days). During the 6-month period that the adherence posters were displayed, persistence decreased by only 10% (versus 22% for the nonintervention period). Use of passive measures may improve patient medication adherence. In this prospective study, both the MPR and persistence were improved. (Drug Benefit Trends. 2008:20:17-24)
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Woman With Dull Daily Headaches and Episodic “Knockout” AttacksA 40-year-old woman reports increasingly frequent and severe headaches during the past few months. She has had boutsof severe headaches since college, and episodic migraine was diagnosed a decade ago. She uses over-the-counter products(ibuprofen, ketoprofen, or aspirin) at the onset of an attack; if these fail to relieve symptoms, she takes hydrocodone/acetaminophen. During her worst attacks, she is typically forced to halt her activities, is unable to eat or drink, and mayvomit. For unresponsive or persistent (more than 24-hour) attacks, her husband drives her to the urgent care centerfor intravenous hydration, intramuscular promethazine, and additional doses of hydrocodone/acetaminophen. Accordingto the patient, a visit to the urgent care center “completely ruins our day.”
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Ruptured Aortic AneurysmSevere abdominal pain radiating to the back prompted a 72-year-old man to go to the emergency department (ED). The patient had experienced similar pain 2 days earlier and was treated at another hospital for renal colic on the basis of concomitant microscopic hematuria. He had a history of poorly controlled hypertension.
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Oral HistoplasmosisA 39-year-old woman complained of excruciating pain that radiated from a chronic lesion on the left upper lip to the entire left side of the face. She had AIDS but was not receiving antiretroviral therapy.
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Woman With Daily Headaches That Have Become Refractory to TriptansA 30-year-old woman complains that her headaches no longer respond to triptans; instead, they have increased in frequencyand severity. The pain interferes with her ability to work part-time and to take care of her 16-month-old daughter.
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Treatment of Hypertension in the Frail Elderly PopulationAssessment of frailty status, as well as chronological age, should be used to make clinical decisions.
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Coping With Postherpetic NeuralgiaA 79-year-old woman with a 37-year history of type 2 diabetes mellitus complains of head pain that began more thana month ago and is localized to the left frontotemporal region. She characterizes the pain as constant and burning, with minimalfluctuations in intensity. The pain does not increase with any particular activity but is quite disabling; it has causedemotional lability and insomnia. She denies nausea, visual disturbances, weakness of the extremities, dizziness, or tinnitus.Her appetite is depressed; she has experienced some weight loss.
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T-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia and Mediastinal MassA 19-year-old man was admitted to the hospital with malaise, fatigue, and intermittent fever (temperature of 38°C [100.4°F]) for the last 2 weeks. Physical examination revealed scarce purpuric lesions over the lower extremities; a pericardial friction rub was audible over the precordium when the patient was supine and seated, and the spleen was remarkably enlarged.
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Talc Embolism: A Case of Extrapulmonary ComplicationsA rare finding is a timely lesson for all clinicians who are touched in one way or another by the injectable drug crisis in the US.
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The Diabetes Epidemic:Keys to Prevention, Guide to TherapyDiabetes is epidemic! The numbersare truly alarming. In 1997, official datashowed that 16 million people in theUnited States had diabetes. Approximately1 million had type 1 disease,and 10.4 million had type 2 disease; theremainder had undiagnosed diabetes.1If these numbers are projected outagainst an annual increase in diseaseprevalence of about 3.5%, it means thatby the year 2028, 50 million people willhave diabetes. However, the actual rateis closer to 7% each year. As such, approximately100 million Americans-roughly 1 of every 4-will have diabetesby 2028.
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Mites and HTLV-1 at the Crux of a 10-Year Itch and Plaque-Like LesionsImmunosuppression that is associated with human T-cell lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1) infection predisposes to hyperinfective strongyloidiasis.1,2
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Epidermolysis BullosaA 40-year-old woman presented for follow-up of a generalized skin condition that was most severe on her palms and soles. She had been born with a few lesions, which resolved in infancy. New lesions began to emerge and increase in number and severity when she was 2 years old; they have recurred intermittently for 38 years.
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COPD and mood disorders, part 2:Sleep problemsSleep complaints are common in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Many patients complain of morning tiredness, early awakenings, difficulty in falling asleep, restlessness, and daytime sleepiness. Functional status may eventually be impaired by the resulting chronic fatigue that is compounded by dyspnea.
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Too Much for the Computer: Complete Heart Block in an Elderly WomanA 92-year-old woman presented with signs and symptoms of heart failure, including marked bilateral lower extremity edema, jugular vein distention, and difficulty in breathing at rest. Her medical history was significant for hyperthyroidism, chronic asthmatic bronchitis, and senile dementia. Medications included oral methimazole, 10 mg/d, and oral theophylline, 200 mg/d.
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Juvenile DermatomyositisThe diagnosis of juvenile dermatomyositis can be challenging when proximal muscle weakness develops without characteristic skin manifestations. In this patient, rash appeared 2 months after the onset of muscle weakness. As a result, the initial diagnosis was viral myositis, which led to delayed therapy.
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A patient with Cushing syndrome and reduced lung volumesWe present a rare case ofCushing syndrome resultingfrom thymic carcinoid of thelung. Although Cushing syndromeis not usually associatedwith respiratory muscleweakness or restriction, ourpatient had reduced lung volumesand expiratory muscleweakness. His reduced lungvolumes could not be completelyexplained by respiratorymuscle weakness, parenchymallung disease, or obesity.Six months after removal ofthe carcinoid tumor, the patient'sgrowth hormone leveland the lung volumes improvedsignificantly, and hebecame asymptomatic.
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Docetaxel-Related OnycholysisA 54-year-old woman with breast cancer metastatic to the lungs had been treated with four courses of docetaxel, to which she partially responded. Following the first cycle of chemotherapy, the patient experienced arrested growth of her fingernails and toenails. Progressively worsening onycholysis then developed.
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Enoxaparin DermatosisThis is a very distinct, rare, and remarkable hemorrhagic rash, first recognized in 2006, with 7 known cases reported in the literature.
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Turner SyndromeTurner syndrome is a genetic disorder in females in which one of the X chromosomes is missing or incomplete.
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Case In Point: Massive, fatal hemoptysis in a patientwith AIDS and B-cell lymphomaA 49-year-old man presented to theemergency department (ED) andcomplained of fever and cough thatproduced bloody sputum for 1 day.He had AIDS and recently receiveda diagnosis of large B-cell lymphoma.His most recent CD4+ cellcount was 24/µL. He had optedagainst receiving highly active antiretroviraltherapy and prophylaxisfor opportunistic infection.
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Nonspecific symptoms are among the obstacles to diagnosis Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis: An easy-to-miss diagnosis key words: Alveolar proteinosis, Surfactant, Whole lung lavageabstract: Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) is characterized by the accumulation of lipoproteinaceous material in the alveoli. The most common symptoms are dyspnea on exertion and nonproductive cough. Weight loss, fatigue, chest pain, and hemoptysis have also been reported. Chest radiographs typically show bilateral, symmetrical airspace disease with an ill-defined nodular or confluent pattern, which gives a "bat wing" appearance, as is seen in heart failure. Pulmonary function tests usually demonstrate mild restrictive disease. Findings on examination of sputum specimens or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid can suggest the diagnosis; however, open lung biopsy is the diagnostic gold standard. Whole lung lavage remains the standard of care for PAP and is warranted in patients with severe dyspnea and hypoxemia. Subcutaneous human recombinant granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor appears to be a promising alternative to whole lung lavage for symptomatic patients. (J Respir Dis. 2007;28(5):177-184)
