Infectious Disease

The widespread eruption of asymptomatic macules and flat, palpable, flesh-colored lesions prompted a 23-year-old woman to consult her physician. The lesions-some of which had dark centers-were concentrated on the patient's face, neck, and upper back; the palms, soles, anal mucosa, and genital areas were clear. The patient denied systemic symptoms. She was seronegative for HIV.

A papule on the leg of an 11-year-old boy had suddenly developed into a slightly tender pustule. The pustule had not responded to oral cephalexin and topical mupirocin prescribed by another clinician.

Two 7-year-olds show the purpuric rash of the lower body and legs that is typical of Henoch-Schönlein purpura. This disease is a vasculitis that chiefly affects small vessels of the skin, joints, gastrointestinal tract, and kidney.

A 52-year-old white man presented with a pruritic eruption on the neck of 3 months' duration. The rash had not responded to a potent topical corticosteroid prescribed by another practitioner for the presumed diagnosis of eczema.

A 13-year-old girl who had leukemia presented to the emergency department with fever; chills; weight loss; fatigue; and a painful, erythematous rash with a central black lesion on the upper thigh. The patient was neutropenic and had been undergoing chemotherapy for 1 week.

A healthy 31-year-old man was referred to a dermatologist with a diagnosis of tinea versicolor that did not respond to oral ketoconazole and topical selenium sulfide.

Shortly after arriving from Puerto Rico, a 59-year-old man presented with right-sided frontal head pain and decreased vision in his right eye. He was concerned about a “sore” that first developed 9 months earlier on his head. The patient denied fever, chills, and syncope.

The wounds on the back of this boy's head are the result of an encounter with his neighbor's dog. The youngster's anxious parents brought him in for evaluation 1 hour after he was bitten.

A 46-year-old man with diabetes presented for evaluation of gradual fingernail deterioration, which had failed to respond to several courses of griseofulvin and a recent 3-month course of daily terbinafine. The patient-who worked as a bartender-was otherwise healthy.

Acute herpes zoster ophthalmicus of the right eye was diagnosed in a 70-year-old woman by her primary care physician, who prescribed oral acyclovir. After 1 week of therapy, the patient's eye became red and painful and she experienced photophobia and epiphora. She was referred for consultation.

Severe shortness of breath, a dry cough, and a 10-day history of fever sent a 37-year-old man with HIV disease to the emergency department. He complained of a poor appetite and had lost 10 lb over the last 10 days.

A 35-year-old Nigerian man presented to the emergency department with a distended, tender abdomen; fever; and weight loss. His abdomen had grown increasingly large during the past several months as his appetite diminished. The patient reported no allergies, took no medication, and denied tobacco, alcohol, and illicit drug use. His only significant medical history was jaundice during adolescence.

For 3 years, a 53-year-old man had noted increasingly extensive changes in his skin, including facial thickening, a progressive reddish tinge, and annular lesions on his trunk. He also complained of itching on the periphery of his face.

During the past 2 weeks, a 34-year-old man with HIV infection experienced worsening mouth pain while chewing.

Exquisite pain of 3-days' duration in his right index finger sent a 19-year-old man for medical consultation. He recalled that a thorn had become embedded in the finger while gardening 1 week earlier.

A 42-year-old woman had had athlete's foot for years, but the condition suddenly worsened when inflamed, pruritic vesicles appeared on both feet. A few days later, tiny, mildly itchy vesicles erupted on her palms; the rest of the hands were not involved. One week after the palmar eruptions, the patient noted 2 round, reddish brown, asymptomatic 3-cm macules on her trunk. These lesions had faint scaling on the trailing edge of the slowly advancing arciform borders.

Adhesions can form within the peritoneal cavity after abdominal surgery, especially if there is an underlying inflammatory condition such as appendicitis or inflammatory bowel disease. The incidence of adhesive intestinal obstruction following a laparotomy is approximately 2%. Most adhesive obstructions occur within 3 months of the laparotomy, and 80% occur within 2 years. Adhesive obstructions tend to be more common in children than in adults.

Enterobiasis-an infection by pinworms-is caused by the nematode Enterobius vermicularis. Treatment is a single dose of oral albendazole, mebendazole, or pyrantel pamoate.

A 76-year-old woman had a 40-year history of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). She had repeatedly refused treatment with disease-modifying drugs, including methotrexate. Nodules began to develop 15 years after the initial diagnosis; they recurred after surgical removal.

A variety of rheumatic diseases-systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and the vasculitides among them-manifest as “lumps, bumps, and holes” involving the extremities. Each of these diseases works through specific mechanisms on different structures of the skin to produce a distinctive pathology. In doing so, each provides clues to the cause, which the history and physical examination can help confirm.

Pyoderma gangrenosum (PG) is a chronic, recurrent condition characterized by cutaneous ulceration. In half of patients, PG is associated with an underlying illness, such as inflammatory bowel disease, RA, SLE, or a lymphoproliferative disorder.

Persistent, purulent drainage from the perirectal region for 3 months prompted a 60-year-old man to seek medical evaluation. He also complained of minimal bleeding from the anus and perianal itching. The patient reported that he recently obtained some relief after a boil in the same area spontaneously burst.

A 29-year-old man presented with a complaint of venereal warts and a long history of mild psoriasis, which he had treated with fluocinolone. He returned 3 months later complaining of chest congestion of 10 days' duration; it had been treated with ciprofloxacin at an urgent care facility.

A 48-year-old man with jaundice, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain was hospitalized. The patient-a recovering alcoholic-was afebrile and reported abstinence from alcohol for 6 months.

A 65-year-old man was hospitalized with dyspnea and fever of a few days' duration. He complained of excessive malaise, fatigue, and weight loss but denied any hemoptysis. The patient had a history of alcohol abuse.

For the past 3 months, a 66-year-old man has suffered fatigue and loss of appetite and weight. He was not coughing, nor had he experienced fever, chest pain, or hemoptysis. He had no history of notable respiratory disease, and he was not aware of having had tuberculosis (TB).

After 1 day of upper abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting, a 32-year-old man sought medical care. He had no significant medical history. The patient had tenderness and guarding in the right upper quadrant; no mass was detected. The remainder of the physical examination was normal.

A 41-year-old man with a past history of tuberculosis presented to the emergency department with massive hemoptysis. The patient denied fever or chills but reported a 20-lb weight loss and intermittent hemoptysis during the last 6 months. Six years ago, he had been treated for tuberculosis.

A swollen, painful eyelid prompted a 39-year-old man to seek medical attention. The patient had noticed swelling, redness, and irritation in his left lateral eyebrow area 2 days earlier. Upon awakening on the morning of his appointment, the left upper eyelid also felt full and tender and was drooping. A pointed draining area of purulent material had formed in the lateral brow region (not visible here). The patient was afebrile and denied any recent periorbital trauma. He was otherwise healthy; his only medication was a daily multivitamin.

A 29-year-old woman complained of 6 months of tinnitus, hearing loss in the left ear, and leff-sided facial numbness. There was no history of trauma or recognized antecedent infection. Physical examination of the external and middle ears was unremarkable. Vestibular test results and tympanometry results were normal. An audiogram demonstrated nearly total sensorineural hearing loss in the left ear.