Other Topical Options to Treat Atopic Dermatitis (AD): Topical JAK Inhibitors and AhR Agonists

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Other Topical Options to Treat Atopic Dermatitis (AD): Topical JAK Inhibitors and AhR Agonists

Topical JAK Inhibitors

Mechanism of Action

• Inhibit Janus kinase signaling pathway, blocking cytokine-mediated inflammatory cascades
• Target specific JAK subtypes (JAK1, JAK2, JAK3, TYK2) involved in AD pathogenesis
• Interrupt IL-4, IL-13, and IL-31 signaling critical to itch and inflammation in AD

Clinical Evidence

• Ruxolitinib 1.5% cream (Opzelura): FDA-approved for mild-to-moderate AD in non-immunocompromised patients ≥12 years
• Delgocitinib ointment: approved in Japan, demonstrates significant efficacy in moderate-to-severe AD
• Rapid improvement in pruritus (often within 12-24 hours)
• Superior efficacy to vehicle in EASI-75 achievement and itch reduction

Safety Considerations

• Local application site reactions generally mild
• Theoretical risk of systemic absorption with potential for:
• Immunosuppression

• Laboratory abnormalities (cytopenias, lipid alterations)

• Increased infection risk
• Boxed warning regarding serious infections, malignancy, and thrombosis
• Long-term safety data still accumulating

Practical Use

• Apply twice daily to affected areas (≤20% BSA for ruxolitinib)
• Not recommended for immunocompromised patients
• Avoid use with biologic therapies or other immunosuppressants
• Consider discontinuation with signs of serious infection

AhR (Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor) Agonists

Mechanism of Action

• Activate AhR, a ligand-dependent transcription factor
• Modulate skin barrier function and immune response
• Reduce Th2 and Th17 inflammatory pathways
• Promote antimicrobial peptide production
• Support skin microbiome diversity

Clinical Evidence

• Tapinarof 1% cream: promising results in phase 2 trials for AD
• Demonstrated improvement in EASI scores and pruritus
• Effect on transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and barrier function
• Potential for extended remission after treatment discontinuation

Safety Profile

• Generally well-tolerated with favorable safety data
• Main adverse effects include folliculitis and contact dermatitis
• No evidence of immunosuppression
• No significant systemic absorption concerns
• No restrictions on treatment duration or body surface area

Clinical Applications

• Once-daily application
• Potential for maintenance therapy after acute flare control
• May be suitable for patients with recurrent infections
• No rebound effect observed upon discontinuation

Comparative Considerations

• Topical JAK inhibitors show superior efficacy to TCIs and possibly mid-potency TCS
• AhR agonists may offer unique barrier restoration benefits beyond anti-inflammation
• JAKs provide faster itch relief than PDE4 inhibitors
• Cost and access remain significant barriers for newer agents
• Consider specific phenotypic features (barrier dysfunction vs. inflammation predominance)

Future Directions

• Combination regimens with established therapies
• Personalized therapy based on AD endotypes
• Development of more selective JAK inhibitors to improve safety profiles
• Expanded age range indications following additional pediatric studies